So... the newly setup machine is up and running again. Replaced the HDD (couldn't build a RAID for lack of power connectors) and installed new Ubuntu server LTS from scratch. Replaced the bloody Ubuntu Docker snap with Docker CE, mounted the NFS storage, copied over the all apps in their containers and now it's working again....
Ah... had to reboot the FritzBox! as well as it assigned a new IP to the device (it's fixed now).
@wusel yeah, you might be right. Maybe I'm changing that again when putting in the second HDD. Have to get the splitter cable. Thanks for the hint !